'\" t
.\" Sccsid @(#)ps.1	1.48 (gritter) 8/19/08
.\" Parts taken from ps(1), Unix 7th edition:
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.TH PS 1 "8/19/08" "Heirloom Toolchest" "User Commands"
.SH NAME
ps \- process status
.SH SYNOPSIS
.HP
.ad l
.nh
\fBps\fR [\-\fBaAcdefjlLPRy\fR]
[\fB\-o\fI property\fR[\fB=\fR[\fItitle\fR]], ...\fR]\ ...
[\fB\-gGpstuU\fI\ criteria\fR, ...]\ ...
[\fB\-r \fIsysname\fR]
.br
.hy 1
.ad b
.SH DESCRIPTION
.B Ps
prints certain indicia about active processes.
If no options are specified,
all processes on the current terminal are selected;
.B /usr/5bin/posix/ps
and
.B /usr/5bin/posix2001/ps
further restrict this to processes owned by the invoking user.
The selection can be changed
by adding
.I criteria
with the options below;
when a process satifies any criterion,
it is selected.
A
.I criteria
string can consist
of multiple criteria
separated by blanks or commas.
.PP
By default,
.B ps
prints the process id,
controlling terminal device,
cumulative execution time
and command of processes.
.PP
The
.B ps
command accepts the following options:
.TP 12
.B \-a
Selects all processes with a controlling terminal device,
except for session leaders.
.TP 12
.B \-c
Adds scheduling class and priority to the output.
This is the default with
.BR /usr/5bin/s42/ps .
See below for the meaning of columns.
.TP 12
.B \-d
Selects all processes except session leaders.
.TP 12
.B \-e
Selects all processes.
.TP 12
.B \-f
Full listing;
adds user name, parent process id,
processor utilization,
and the time when the process was started.
See below for the meaning of columns.
.TP 12
\fB\-g\fI pgrplist\fR
For
.B /usr/5bin/ps
and
.BR /usr/5bin/s42/ps ,
all processes that belong to one of the process groups ids in
.I pgrplist
are selected;
for
.B /usr/5bin/posix/ps
and
.BR /usr/5bin/posix2001/ps ,
all processes that belong to one of the session ids in
.IR group .
.TP 12
.B \-j
Adds process group id and session id to the output.
See below for the meaning of columns.
.TP 12
.B \-l
Long listing;
adds process flags, process state,
numeric user id,
parent process id,
processor utilization,
priority, nice value,
core address,
memory size in pages and the event waited for.
See below for the meaning of columns.
.TP 12
\fB\-p\fI pidlist\fR
Selects all processes with one of the given \fIprocess ids\fR.
.TP 12
\fB\-r\fI sysname\fR
Change the root directory to
.IR sysname ,
which may be either an absolute pathname
or the basename component of a mounted file system.
Requires presence of a selection criterion.
.TP 12
\fB\-s\fI sidlist\fR
Selects all processes that belong to one of the session ids in
.IR sidlist .
.TP 12
\fB\-t\fI device\fR
Selects all processes with the current terminal
.IR device .
This may be the device name with either
.B /dev/
or
.B /dev/tty
omitted,
as in
.I ttyS2
or
.I S2
for
.IR /dev/ttyS2 .
.TP 12
\fB\-u\fI uidlist\fR
Selects all processes with one of the given \fIuser ids\fR,
which may be symbolic or numeric.
The real user id is used with
.B /usr/5bin/ps
and
.BR /usr/5bin/s42/ps ,
the effective user id with
.B /usr/5bin/posix/ps
and
.BR /usr/5bin/posix2001/ps .
.PP
The following options have been introduced by POSIX.2:
.TP 12
.B \-A
Selects all processes.
.TP 12
\fB\-G\fI gidlist\fR
Selects all processes that have one of the specified real \fIgroup ids\fR,
which may be symbolic or numeric.
.TP 12
\fB\-o\fI property\fR[\fB=\fR[\fItitle\fR]],...
The output is changed to reflect the named
.IR property .
Multiple properties can be given,
separated by blanks or commas;
it is also possible to specify multiple
.B \-o
options.
Normally, the default property description is
written in the first output line.
If the
.B = 
character is present, but the
.I title
is missing in all format specifications,
no descriptions are printed;
if a
.I title
is given, it is used instead of the default.
See below for valid
.I property
strings.
.TP 12
\fB\-U\fI uidlist\fR
Selects all processes with one of the given real \fIuser ids\fR,
which may be symbolic or numeric.
.PP
The following options are extensions:
.TP 12
.B \-L
.hw LWPs
Prints information on lightweight processes (LWPs);
adds lightweight process id,
lightweight process time,
and, if \fI\-f\fR is also present,
the number of lightweight processes.
See below for the meaning of columns.
.TP 12
.B \-P
Prints the processor on which the process is currently running.
Disables printing of flags and memory address.
.TP 12
.B \-R
Resource usage format;
prints process id,
memory and resident set size in pages,
buffer reads and writes,
messages sent and received,
user and system time,
and command.
See below for the meaning of columns.
.TP 12
.B \-y
Modifies the
.B \-l
output format;
process flags, address and size in pages are omitted,
and resident set size
and memory size in kilobytes are printed instead.
.PP
The meaning of columns and column headings
for the
.BR \-c ,
.BR \-f ,
.BR \-j ,
.BR \-l
and
.B \-P
options are as follows
(the letters given in parentheses specify which option
causes the column to appear;
\fIall\fR means that the column is always printed):
.PP
.TS
l2 l2 l s s
l2 l2 l2 l4 l.
F	(l)	T{
Flags associated with the process
(octal and additive):
T}
			01	in core;
			02	system process;
			04	T{
locked in core (e.g. for physical I/O);
T}
			10	being swapped;
			20	being traced by another process.
.T&
l2 l2 l s s
l2 l2 l2 l4 l.
S	(l)	The state of the process:
			O	running on a processor;
			R	runnable (on run queue);
			S	sleeping;
			I	intermediate;
			Z	terminated;
			T	stopped;
			X	allocating memory.
.T&
l2 l2 l s s.
UID	(f,l)	T{
The real user ID of the process owner,
or, for \fB/usr/5bin/posix/ps\fR
and \fB/usr/5bin/posix2001/ps\fR,
the effective user ID.
With the \fB\-l\fR
option,
a numeric ID is printed,
otherwise the user name.
T}
PID	(all)	T{
The process id of the process;
as in certain cults
it is possible to kill a process
if you know its true name.
T}
PPID	(f,j,l)	The process ID of the parent process.
PGID	(j)	The process group ID of the process.
SID	(j)	The session ID of the process.
LWP	(L)	The lightweight process ID of the process.
NLWP	(fL)	T{
The number of lightweight processes
in the process.
T}
PSR	(P)	T{
The processor on which the process is currently running.
T}
C	(f,l)	Processor utilization for scheduling.
CLS	(c)	Scheduling class.
PRI	(c,l)	T{
Priority.
With \fB\-l\fR, high numbers mean low priority.
With \fB\-c\fR, high numbers mean high priority;
time-sharing processes have priorities below 60;
for real-time processes,
the priority is computed as \fI100 + scheduling priority.\fR
T}
NI	(l)	Nice value, used in priority computation.
ADDR	(l)	The core address of the process.
RSS	(ly)	T{
The amount of memory in kilobytes
currently present in core.
T}
SZ	(l,R)	T{
The size in pages of the core image of the process.
If the \fB\-y\fR option is also given,
the size is printed in kilobytes.
T}
MRSZ	(R)	T{
The amount of memory in pages
currently present in core.
T}
PFLTS	(R)	T{
The number of major page faults
that have occurred with the process.
T}
BUFR	(R)	T{
Buffer reads performed on behalf of the process.
T}
BUFW	(R)	T{
Buffer writes performed on behalf of the process.
T}
MRCV	(R)	T{
Messages received by the process.
T}
MSND	(R)	T{
Messages sent by the process.
T}
WCHAN	(l)	T{
The event for which the process is waiting or sleeping;
if blank, the process is running.
T}
.\" Trailing no-break-spaces guarantee a minimum table width for nroff
.\" without restricting troff to select the same.
STIME	(f)	The time when the process was started.\ \ \ \ \ \ 
TTY	(all)	T{
The controlling tty for the process.
T}
TIME	(all)	T{
The cumulative execution time for the process.
T}
LTIME	(L)	T{
The cumulative execution time for the lightweight process.
T}
UTIME	(R)	T{
The cumulative time the process spent in user mode.
T}
KTIME	(R)	T{
The cumulative time the process spent in system (kernel) mode.
T}
COMD	(all)	T{
The command name;
with the \fB\-f\fR option,
the command line.
The heading `CMD' is printed
for \fB/usr/5bin/posix/ps\fR
and \fB/usr/5bin/posix2001/ps\fR;
the heading `COMMAND' is printed
if the \fBSYSV3\fR
environment variable is set
and the \fI\-l\fR option is not present.
T}
.TE
.PP
A process that has exited and has a parent,
but has not yet been waited for by the parent
is marked
.IR <defunct> .
.PP
For the
.B \-o
option, the following properties
(listed with their default column headings)
can be given:
.PP
.TS
l2fB l2 l.
user	USER	Effective user name.
ruser	RUSER	Real user name.
group	GROUP	Effective group name.
rgroup	RGROUP	Real group name.
pid	PID	Process id.
ppid	PPID	Parent process id.
pgid	PGID	Process group id.
sid	SID	Session id.
class	CLASS	Scheduling class.
pcpu	%CPU	Processor usage in percent.
vsz	VSZ	Memory usage in kilobytes.
nice	NI	Nice value.
etime	ELAPSED	Time elapsed since the process was started.
time	TIME	Cumulative execution time.
tty	TTY	Controlling terminal device.
comm	COMMAND	The first command line argument.
args	COMMAND	Command line arguments separated by spaces.
f	F	Process flags.
s	S	Process state.
c	C	Processor utilization for scheduling.
uid	UID	Numeric effective user id.
ruid	RUID	Numeric real user id.
gid	GID	Numeric effective group id.
rgid	RGID	Numeric real group id.
pri	PRI	Priority; high numbers mean high priority.
opri	PRI	Priority; high numbers mean low priority.
psr	PSR	Processor.
addr	ADDR	Core address.
osz	SZ	Memory size in pages.
wchan	WCHAN	Event for which the process is waiting.
stime	STIME	T{
Start time of the process (may contain whitespace).
T}
rss	RSS	Resident set size in kilobytes.
pmem	%MEM	Memory usage in percent.
fname	COMMAND	T{
.ad l
.nr ol \n(.l
.ll 39n
The first eight characters of the executable file for the process.
.br
.ll \n(olu
.ad b
T}
.TE
.PP
For those properties that correspond to user or group names,
the numeric id is printed
if the name does not fit into the column width.
.SH "ENVIRONMENT VARIABLES"
.TP
.BR LANG ", " LC_ALL
See
.IR locale (7).
.TP
.B LC_CTYPE
Determines the set of printable characters
and the character width.
Non-printable characters in arguments and file names
are dropped if writing to a terminal.
.TP
.B LC_TIME
Affects the format of date and time strings printed.
.TP
.B SYSV3
Changes the text of some headings as described above.
.SH FILES
.TP
.B /etc/passwd
Used for converting numeric and symbolic user ids.
.TP
.B /etc/group
Used for converting numeric and symbolic group ids.
.TP
.B /etc/default/ps
.TP
.B /proc/
.TP
.B /dev/
.SH "SEE ALSO"
nice(1),
kill(1),
priocntl(1),
proc(5),
locale(7)
.SH NOTES
Things can change while ps is running;
the picture it gives is only a close approximation to reality.